Physical Geography - Study (description) of the
physical earth OR
The spatial analysis of the physical elements and processes
that make up the environment: energy, air, water, weather, climate, landforms,
soils, animals, plants, and the Earth itself.
System - A system is any ordered, interrelated set of materials or items that work together as an organized whole.
Atmosphere - The system of gases above the Earth that regulate energy and moisture flows to the surface of the Earth.
Hydrosphere - The system of water movement and storage in the oceans, atmosphere, land surface and ground.
Lithosphere - The system of earth materials and the processes that form them (bedrock, volcanic materials and activity, earth movement, soils)
Biosphere - The system of living things and their interaction on the planet.
Open System - An Open system can have flows, in or out, of materials or energy.
Closed System - A Closed System does not gain or loose energy or material.
Dynamic Equilibrium - When different components of the system, though often changing, continue to find a balance (I.e., input = output).
Negative Feedback - A Feedback loop which tends to slow or counter a response to an input to the system and helps promote self-regulation (helps keep system in balance).
Positive Feedback - A Feedback loop that tends to increase the effect of an input to a system and can lead to increased change.
Ecosystem - A system in which various interconnected living and non-living components in an area of the Earth work together.
Natural Hazard - A natural occurring event that poses danger to humans.
Human Induced Hazard - Human activity (e.g., pollution) that poses danger to the environment and by consequence, other humans.
Plane of the Ecliptic - The plane that intersects the orbit of the Earth (and most other planets in our Solar System.
Revolution - The movement of the Earth around the Sun. A complete revolution takes 365.25 days.
Rotation - The turning of the Earth on its own axis.
Perihelion - The position of the Earth when it is closest to the Sun.
Aphelion - The position of the Earth when it is farthest from the Sun.
Geoid - A model of the Earth that allows for a
"bumpy" surface.
(Defined by variations in satellite rotation around the
Earth in response to gravity differences.)
Great Circle - Circle formed by the intersection of a sphere and a plane that passes through the center of the sphere.
Small Circle - Circle formed by the intersection of a sphere and a plane that does not pass through the center of the sphere.
Equator - The great circle made up of the set of points equidistant (midway) between the poles.
Latitude - Distance north or south of the equator.
Longitude - Distance east or west of the prime meridian.
Prime Meridian - Half circle from pole to pole running through Greenwich, England which defines 0o Longitude.
Cartography - The art and science of making maps.
Rhumb Line - The line of constant compass heading
Reference Map - A map that shows what features are found in an area (like roads, airports, cities, countries, rivers; often used for navigation) "What is Where?"
Thematic Map - A map that shows information about a special topic (such as climate, population, incidents of crime, or ...) "Where is What?"
Isoline Map - A map made up of lines that join points of equal value (An example is a contour map which has lines of equal elevation)
Topographic Maps - Reference maps with contours or other indication of the topography (land shape)
Bathymentric Maps - Topographic maps that show water depth and topography of the ocean bottom.
Global Positioning System (GPS) - A system of orbiting satellites which provide location coordinates to GPS receivers on Earth.
Digital Cartography - Use of computers to aid in the process of making maps (aka Desktop Mapping)
Remote Sensing - The acquistion of data from a distance (e.g., aerial photography and satellite imagery)
Geographic Information Systems - The use of computers to combine maps with data about the features on the maps for the purpose of managing and analyzing the mapped data.
Geomorphology - The study of the Earth's surface features (landforms) and the processes that form them.
Tectonic Processes - The processes that build up the Earth though crustal plate movements.
Gradational Processes - The processes that wear down the Earth's surface features through weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and deposition.
Subduction Zone - Where two crustal plates meet and the more dense plate dives under the other plate
Continental Shield - The generally old, low-lying centers of continental crust which have not been tectonically active for a very long time.
Hot Spot - A place where the upward movement of hot mantle material leads to an isolated zone of volcanic activity (often island formation).
Slope - The inclination or tilt of the Earth's surface in an area (0deg.-90deg.).
Relief - The measure of elevation gain in a set
area (from low point to high point).
Mineral - An inorganic chemical compound made up of one or more elements. It has specific properties including a unique crystal structure.
Igneous Rock - Rock that is a direct result of the cooling of molten earth material (magma or lava)
Extrusive - Igneous rock formed at the Earth's surface (Volcanism)Sedimentary Rock - Rock formed from the compressed layers of weathered earth materials as they are brought into an area by water, wind, ice, and gravityIntrusive - Igneous rock formed inside the Earth (Plutonism)
Clastic Rock - Sedimentatry Rock formed from loose rock materialsMetamorphic Rock - Rock, whether igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic, that has been physically transformed due to heating or pressure.Strata - Layers of the same type of sediments which represent conditions at the time of deposition
Volcanism - The movement of melted earth material (magma) up through the Earth's crust and onto the Earth's surface as lava and tephra.
Tephra - Pulverized rock and pyroclastic materials (rock pieces) ejected violently during a volcanic eruption
Composite Volcano - This is the classic, steep, conical volcano made up of alternating layers of lava and tephra.
Shield Volcano - This is a volcano formed by less viscous (more fluid) lava which leads to broad, gradual (not steep), often symmetrical slopes.
Cinder Cone - Small volcanic hills which emit little lava, but rather are composed mainly of tephra material which forms a steep pile of debris.
Caldera - The collapsed summit or crater of a volcano.
Focus - The orgin of earthquake movement within the Earth.
Epicenter - The point on the surface of the Earth directly above an earthquake's focus.
Seismograph - A device that records Earth Movement
Escarpment - A cliff created by a raised fault block along a fault boundary, also known as a fault scarp.
Isostacy - The "floating" of the crust on the denser but slightly fluid mantle materials which may explain crustal warping.
Graben - A block of Earth material moved downward between two faults
Horst - A block of Earth material moved upward between two faults
Syncline - Upward bends in folded crustal materials
Anticline - Downward bends in folded crustal materials
Denudation - The overall process of wearing down the Earth, including weathering, erosion, mass movement, and transportation.
Weathering The processes -- physical, chemical, or organic -- that break down rock material.
Crystallization - The process in which waterborne salts crystallize in rock cracks when the water evaporates.
Frost Wedging (Frost Action) - The breaking apart of rock due to pressure from water freezing in the rock cracks
Hydration - Water molecules attaching onto minerals in a rock which causes the rock to swell and crack.
Exfoliation (Pressure-Release Jointing) - As large granite surfaces have the top layer of rock removed, the decrease in weight leads to an expansion which results in the shedding of additional, concentric layers of rock.
Oxidation - The chemical change caused by oxygen (from water) combining with some minerals to create a new minerals (Oxides).
Hydrolysis - The chemical change caused by water combining with some minerals to create new minerals.
Solution - The dissolving of minerals (evaporites) in water without chemical change.
Mass Movement (Mass Wasting) - The downward movement of earth materials in response to gravity.
Soil Creep - The slow downslope movement of soil and regolith caused by the pull of gravity acting together with freezing & thawing, heating & cooling, wetting & drying, and living things.
Solifluction - The slow movement or flow of water saturated soil and regolith downslope due to the pull of gravity often over a frozen lower layer.
Landslide - The general term referring to any rapid downhill movement of rock and soil.
Rockslide (Debris Avalanche) - The movement of a very large mass of rock quickly downslope.
Rockfall - The periodic drop of a rock or group of rocks down a steep slope or cliff.
Slump (Rotational Slide) -The sagging and rotational movement of a mass of soil and rock due in part to water infiltration and lubrication of clay-rich soils below.
Earthflow (Translational Slide) - The flow of a moist, clay-rich soil and regolith mass downward along the surface of a slope.
Debris Flow (Mudflow) - The rapid flow of water thick with earth materials down valleys.
Lahar - Rainfall triggered mud and ash flows off a volcano
Groundwater - All subsurface water found in the pore space of soils and rocks.
Capillary Water - Moisture held in the soil by surface tension and hydrogen bonding with soil materials.
Gravity Water - Water in excess of capillary water that is able to flow down through a permeable earth layer.
Porosity - The amount of space between rock and soil particles (affects water storage)
Permeability - The ability of soil or rock to allow water to pass through (affects ground water movement)
Zone of Aeration - Upper soil/rock level in which pore space is a combination of capillary water and air
Zone of Saturation - Lower soil/rock level in which pore space is full of water.
Water Table - The top of the zone of saturation where it meets the zone of aeration.
Aquifer - A layer of porous earth materials that stores and transmits water.
Aquiclude - A layer of impermeable earth material that prevents the movement of water through it.
Artesian Well - The flow to the surface of pressurized water trapped in an aquifer between aquicludes
Cone of Depression - The lowered level of the water table around an active well (The cumulative affect of pumping over a larger area it is known as draw down)
Subsidence – The sinking of land due to the removal of water from the ground below.
Recharge zone - Area in which rain and surface water percolate down into an aquifer
Karst Topography - Pitted surface and cave topography created by chemical weathering of limestone regions
Sinkhole - A dip (depression) in the surface of a Karst landscape
Pothole - A vertical opening which links a sinkhole to a cavern
Disappearing Stream (Lost River) - A stream that leaves the earth surface by way of a Karst pothole
Doline - Large sinkholes often created by the collapse of a cavern
Karst Valley (Valley Sinks) - The joining together of sinkholes and dolines so that they create a valley.
Cavern - A large, room-like cave
Speleology - The scientific study of caves
Haystacks (Karst Towers) - The remaining limestone hills in a highly eroded Karst landscape.
Runoff - The flow of water on the land surface in unchannelled sheet flow and channelled stream flow
Fluvial - Stream related processes and land features
Base Level - The hypothetical elevation below which a river or stream cannot erode any further.
Tributaries - Smaller streams that join a larger stream
Drainage Divides - The higher land between two watersheds that divides the the flow of water between those watersheds (Interfluves divide flow between streams)
Watershed - Land area drained by a group of streams upstream from a point on the stream network [or from the mouth of a river] (aka Catchment Area or Drainage Basin)
Stream Networks:
Dendritic - Finger or Leaf like
Trellis - Parallel channels with right angle connecting
streams
Radial - Diverging streams moving away from a center,
high point
Rectangular - Guided by right angle joints and
faults in bedrock
Centripetal - Converging streams moving inwards
toward a basin
Parallel - Streams flowing side by side for a while
before joining
Deranged - Flow in various directions (seems like
a random pattern)
Intermittent - Streams that flow only part of the year
Perennial - Streams that flow all year long
Graded - A stream whose gradient (slope) has been reduced to a level where erosion and sedimentation are balanced.
Hydraulic Action - The suction and pressure applied by moving water on the bottom of a stream which causes particles to be lifted up and moved.
Abrasion - Wearing down of stream bed materials by the grinding action of moving particles in the stream.
Bed Load - Materials moved along the stream bottom (traction)
Suspended Load - Materials moved above the stream bottom (suspension)
Oxbow Lake - A curved lake found where a former meander in a river was cut off, isolating it from the river
Floodplain - The flat land next to a river which is occassionally flooded and covered with alluvium.
Braided Stream - A stream that is divided into many interconnected channels due to heavy sedimentation
Delta - The depositional feature, often triangular shaped, where a stream or river meets a water body.
Estuary - A body of water at the mouth of a river where freshwater and saltwater mix.
Arroyo/Wash/Barranca/Wadi - An intermittent streambed in a dry climate, usually with steep walls
Drought - A period of time in which there is little or no rain, or when the amount received is below what usually falls. Common in arid and semi-arid climates.
Pluvial - Refers to a region's past climate in which there was more rainfall.
Interior Drainage Basin - An inland area which receives inflow of runoff but has no outlet to drain the water away.
Exotic Streams - A stream that originates in a wet area (often up in the mountains) and has enough water volume to flow through a desert area without drying up.
Badlands - A region of rain carved hills and gullies with little or no vegetation. It is a rugged landscape created by the easy erosion of soft materials.
Mesa - A flat-topped, steep-sided remaining portion of a plateau or tableland.
Butte - A mesa that has eroded on all sides to create a flat topped hill.
Bolson - The basin and hillside area between two adjacent ridges in a desert.
Alluvial Fan - The fan shaped depositional feature created when a stream with a heavy sediment load slows down as it enters a valley.
Bajada - A sloped area at the base of desert mountain slopes in which a number of alluvial fans have merged.
Alluvial Plain - The extensive alluvial deposits (stream deposited materials) on a desert valley floor.
Pediment - The slightly sloped bedrock surface covered by alluvial materials at the base of desert mountains.
Playa - Dry lake bed found in desert basins which often is covered with evaporites (salt crystals).
Inselbergs - Remaining tips of mountains sticking up through the alluvial materials of an extensive alluvial plain.
Eolian - Wind related erosional processes and landforms.
Deflation - The removal of surface material by wind action.
Saltation - The bouncing movement (in water or air) of particles large enough to be lifted off the surface, but too large to become suspended.
Abrasion - The grinding up of surface materials as they are moved against each other by wind (or water).
Dust Storm - The movement of large quantities of lighter materials in the air column. Can darken the sky.
Sandstorm - Like a dust storm, but with heavier sand particles that move closer to the ground.
Desert Pavement - The remaining rocky desert surface after deflation and sheet flow have removed the lighter particles.
Dunes - A desert or beach feature created by the movement and piling up of sand and other course materials by the winds.
Erg - A desert region covered by dunes ("sand sea").
Slipface - The steep, downwind ("back side") of a dune.
Loess - Large deposits of wind blown silts and clays from arid areas (that may have been covered earlier by glaciers.)
Sea - Saline water bodies connected to, but smaller than the world's oceans
Salinity - A measure of the amount of dissolved solids in water
Island Chains - A series of islands formed above a hot spot in the Earth's crust (e.g., Hawaiian Islands)
Islands Arcs - Curved series of volcanic islands (archipelago) formed along a subduction zone
Seamounts - A volcanic mountain rising from the sea floor that does not extend above sea level
Abyssal Plain - Deep, flat, sediment covered ocean floor plain
Continental Shelf - The near shore, fairly flat, underwater extension of the continent
Continental Slope - The slope that connects the continental shelf with the deep ocean bottom.
Submarine Canyons - Grooves in the continental shelf and slope leading down to the ocean bottom
Continental Rise - The gently sloped area between the continental slope and the abyssal plain
Tides - The rise and fall of sea level along a coast in response to the pull of the Moon's (and Sun's) gravity.
Swells - The up-and-down wave pattern in the open ocean. As they approach shore, they become irregular waves and then breakers.
Littoral Drift - The movement of sand down the beach (Beach Drift) and water down the coast (Longshore Current)
Headlands - Parts of the coastline that extend out into the sea
Submergent coastlines - Flooding of coasts due to sea level rise
Emergent coastlines - Exposure of sub sea areas
due to glacial rebound, tectonic uplift, or sea level drop
Firn - A granular textured snow formed from fresh snow
Glacier - A mass of year-round ice which can flow downward.
Ice Sheet - A very large continuous continental glacier
Ice Cap - A smaller ice sheet covering a mountainous area
Ice Field - A large expanse of ice in a mountainous area (larger than an ice cap, smaller than an ice sheet)
Ice Age - A time of colder climate with an increase in glaciers
Interglacial - A period of warming in the middle of an ice age
Cirque Glacier - A small glacier forming in the basin (cirque) found at the top of a valley
Valley Glacier - A alpine glacier that flows down a valley
Piedmont Glacier - The spreading out and joining of valley glaciers as they flow into flatlands.
Tidal Glacier - A glacier that flows out over a water body
Calving - The loss of ice, in the form of icebergs, at the snout of a glacier that lies over a water body
Ice Shelf -The large, flat portion of an Antarctic tidal glacier where it extends over a bay. It can break off forming a large iceberg.
Fjord - The deep U-shaped troughs formed by valley glaciers that are now filled with sea water.
Glacial Surge - When a glacier moves much faster than usual
Zone of Accumulation - The area on a glacier where more snow falls than melts, evaporates, or sublimates.
Zone of Ablation - The area on a glacier where more snow melts, evaporates, or sublimates than falls on it.
Abrasion - The erosion and polishing of rock surfaces by rocks embedded in glacial ice.
Striations - Scratches and grooves created in rock surfaces by abrasion
Crevasse - Vertical cracks in a glacier formed by stress as it moves over and around obstacles
Bergschrund - The crevasse formed at the top of an alpine glacier where is pulls away from the rock wall
Terminus (Snout) - The leading edge (lowest point) of a glacier
Cirque - An amphitheater shaped basin created by an alpine glacier at the base of a mountain or ridge
Tarn - A small mountain lake often occupying a depression created by an alpine glacier
Arête - A sharp ridge that divides two cirque basins
Col - An arête lowered by glacial erosion on both sides which creates a mountain pass or saddle.
Horn - A steep sided, pyramid shaped mountain carved out by the erosive action of several cirque glaciers
Hanging valley - A tributary valley that is undercut by a large valley glacier so that the hanging valley empties above the main valley floor (often accompanied by hanging waterfalls)
Truncated ridge - Ridge cut away by a large valley glacier
Paternoster lakes - A string of lakes in a glaciated valley
Drift - All of the rock material moved along and deposited by a glacier
Till - Unsorted glacial deposits
Moraine - Linear deposits of drift. Deposited on the side of the valley (lateral moraine), where two valleys meet (medial moraine), at the snout when the glacier stops or retreats (end moraine)
Recessional moraine - Formed as a retreating glacier paused
Ground moraine - The mass of material left all along the path as a glacier slowly retreats
Ice Shelf -The large, flat portion of an Antarctic tidal glacier where it extends over a bay. It can break off forming a large island.
Outwash Plain - A broad, smooth plain made up of sorted glacial drift from glacial outwash.
Till Plain - A bumpy plain made up of unsorted glacial drift deposited behind an end or terminal moraine.
Kettles - A water filled pit formed by blocks of glacial ice left behind as the glacier retreated.
Drumlins - A long narrow hill, made up of till, which points in the direction of the glacier movement.
Kames - A conical hill of sorted drift formed in depression created by a passing glacier.
Eskers - Snake-like ridges made up of sands and gravel deposited by streams flowing under a glacier.
Insolation - Solar radiation (energy) received by the Earth
Electromagnetic Radiation - Energy in the form of waves in various wavelengths traveling at the speed of light (eg. Shortwave from Sun to Earth; Longwave from Earth to Atmosphere)
Declination - The Latitude between 23.5oN and 23.5oS above which the sun is directly overhead on a given day
Conduction - The transfer of heat energy from molecule-to-molecule within substances or between touching substances
Convection - The vertical transfer of heat energy by the circulating movement of a liquid or gas (warm rises, cool sinks)
Advection - The horizontal transfer of heat energy as air masses move in response to pressure differences (winds)
Latent Heat - The addition or removal of heat energy from the atmosphere by water changing states between ice, liquid, and gas (Evaporation, Condensation, Melting, Freezing)
Inversion - A temperature inversion is the reversal of the pattern of decreasing temperature with increasing altitude. This zone of warming air can stop the upward flow of air and trap pollutants.
Continentality - A relative measure of how far a location is from a temperature moderating water body. The greater the continentality, the greater the temperature range.
Albedo - A measure of the percentage of light reflected by a surface. High albedo means a high level of reflection.
Greenhouse Effect - The process where incoming shortwave radiation passes through the atmosphere, but the re-radiated longwave energy from the Earth is trapped by the gasses and heats the atmosphere.
Air Pressure - The pressing force produced by the motion, size, and number of gas molecules.
Wind - The horizontal movement of air relative to the Earth's surface as air moves from zones of high pressure to those of low pressure
Coriolis Force - The apparent deflection of objects moving in relationship to the earth due to difference in surface rotation speed at different Latitudes.
Isobar - A line that connects all the points that have an equal pressure.
Equatorial Trough (Low) - The low pressure area which circles the globe in the tropics, which is a result of intense convection (aka, Intertropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ).
Jet Stream - High-speed upper level winds that flow strongly west to east over the upper midlatitudes.
Cyclone - The spiral pattern of winds flowing into a low pressure cell (convergent winds).
Anticyclone - The spiral pattern of winds flowing out of a high pressure cell (divergent winds).
Monsoon - The strong winds that flow between land and sea in response to intense heating and cooling of the landmasses. Winter - dry, off-shore flow. Summer - very wet, on shore flow.
El Niño - The weakening of Equatorial Pacific Tradewinds and the resulting shift of ocean current patterns (flow east rather than west) which leads to major changes in global weather patterns. Aka, ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation).
Sea Breeze (On-Shore) - Wind from sea to land (often in the afternoon)
Land Breeze (Off-Shore) - Wind from land to sea (often in early morning)
Foehn (Föhn) Winds - Down-slope warming winds (Chinook, Santa Anas, Föhn)
Gyres - Major circular current patterns in the oceans. Gyres flow clockwise in northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere
Water Vapor - Water in the form of an odorless, tasteless, invisible atmospheric gas
Relative Humidity - The ratio (%) of water in the air to the amount of water that air could hold at the current temperature.
Dew Point - The temperature at which a given mass of air becomes saturated (reaches capacity)
Condensation - Conversion of water vapor to water droplets.
Condensation Nuclei - The very small particles (sea salt, soot, dust) around which water vapor condenses.
Fog - A low cloud in contact with the Earth's surface.
Precipitation - Condensed or frozen water that returns to the Earth (as rain, snow, drizzle, sleet, or hail).
Hail - Ice "balls" created in the updrafts and downdrafts of a thunderstorm.
Weather - The atmospheric conditions at any given time in a given place (Meteorology - Study of weather).
Climate - The long-term weather conditions of a place including common deviations from the norm. (Climatology - Study of climate)
Orographic Precipitation - Precipitation that occurs as air is forced up over a mountain. On the windward side cooling leads to condensation. Often, the leeward side is drier (rain shadow).
Air Mass - A large body of air that gets its temperature and moisture characteristics from a source area with consistent conditions (temp/humid)
Warm Front - The advance of warm air into a region of cool air. Warm air moves over the cool air creating a broad zone of clouds and light rain.
Cold Front - The advance of cold air into a region of warm air. Cold air quickly pushes the warm air up, creating a narrow band of intense rainfall.
Occluded Front - Where a cold front has over taken a warm front. Cold air catches cool air at the surface and all warm air is above. Can have high clouds and some rain.
Stationary Front - Where warm air and cold air meet, but are not overtaking one another.
Tornado - A funnel created by violently spinning winds created by an extremely low pressure storm.
Convectional Storm - Storms that are a result of warmed air rising rapidly and condensing (Thunderstorms)
Easterly Wave - - A low pressure trough that can bring clouds and rain from east to west in the subtropics
Hurricane - Major subtropical cyclonic storm in which winds exceed speeds of 74mph. (tropical disturbance to tropical depression to tropical storm to hurricane, class 1-5)
Microclimate - The unique climatic characteristics of a location (may vary from the general climate type).
Test 1
Lake Chad, Africa
Lake Eyre, Australia
Mt. Pinatubo, Phillipines
Sepik River, Papua New Guinea
Sumatera, Indonesia
Kyushu, Japan
Honduras
Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench (near Guam)
Mt. Everest, China/Nepal border
Kampala, Uganda
St. Petersberg, Russia
Cape of Good Hope (Cape Town), South Africa
Iceland
African Rift Valleys, East Africa
Andes Mountains
Applachian Mountains, US
San Andreas Fault, California
Altiplano, Bolivia
Colorado Plateau, US
Test 2
Mt.St. Helens, Washington
Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines (north island)
Deccan Plateau, India
Crater Lake, Oregon
Sierra Nevada Mountains, California
Kobe, Japan
Mexico City, Mexico
Xi'an, China
Rhein River Valley, Europe
Sinai Peninsula, Egypt
Chapada, Brazil (center of country)
Krakotoa, Indonesia (between islands of Java and Sumatra)
Peru
Outback, Australia
Test 3
Ireland
Great Artesian Basin, Australia
Ogallala Aquifer, US
Venice, Italy
Karst Region, Yugoslavia
Persian Gulf
Yucatan, Mexico
Puerto Rico
Nile River
Amazon River
Sahara Desert
Congo River
Great Salt Lake
Caspian Sea
Haung He (Yellow River)
Nile Delta, Egypt
Indus River, Pakistan
Tigris-Euphrates Rivers
Death Valley, California
Dead Sea
Test 4
Antarctica
Greenland
Iceland
Patagonia
Fjord areas in Norway, New Zealand, British Columbia,
and Chile
Finger Lakes region, New York
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Arctic Ocean;
Mediterranean Sea
Aegean Sea
Black Sea
Red Sea
North Sea
Baltic Sea
Caribbean Sea
Gulf of Mexico
Sea of Japan
Yellow Sea
South China Sea
Java Sea
Azores
Aleutian Islands
Indonesia
Bay of Fundy, Canada
Bangledesh
Belize
The Great Lakes
Cape Hatteras, North Carolina
Great Barrier Reef, Australia
French Polynesia (Tahiti)
Test 5 (plus Test 1-4 locations
above)
Iberian Peninsula
Sahara Desert
Thar Desert
Atacama Desert
Namib Desert
India
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