| Continentality | A relative measure of how far a location is from a temperature moderating water body. The greater the continentality, the greater the temperature range. |
| Albedo | A measure of the percentage of light reflected by a surface. High albedo means a high level of reflection. |
| Greenhouse Effect | The process where incoming shortwave radiation passes through the atmosphere, but the re-radiated longwave energy from the Earthis trapped by the gasses and heats the atmosphere. |
| Air Pressure | The pressing force produced by the motion, size, and number of gas molecules. |
| Wind | The horizontal movement of air relative to the Earth's surfaceas air moves from zones of high pressure to those of low pressure |
| Coriolis Force | The apparent deflection of objects moving in relationship to the earth due to difference in surface rotation speed at different latitudes. |